1. Main detection depth
General depth: Most devices can detect veins 0.2 to 1.0cm beneath the skin, but the actual effective imaging range is usually concentrated on the shallower veins under the skin (0.2 to 1.0 cm).
Best effect: For clearly visible superficial veins (such as the back of the hand and forearm), the imaging effect is the best.

2. Key influencing factors
Skin condition
Skin color, fat thickness, edema or scar tissue can reduce penetration.
Patients with obesity or edema may have limited depth.
Equipment performance
The wavelength of the light source (usually near-infrared, approximately 750 to 980 nm) affects the tissue penetration.
The imaging algorithm and sensor sensitivity determine the ability to restore details.
Venous characteristics:
There are significant differences in vein diameter, blood filling degree and depth.
Deep veins (such as the femoral vein in obese patients) may not be clearly displayed.

3. Technical limitations
Non-penetrating deep blood vessels: Unable to detect arteries or visceral blood vessels, mainly used for superficial vein localization (such as infusion and blood drawing).
Auxiliary rather than substitute: It cannot completely replace deep imaging technologies such as ultrasound.

4. Common application scenarios
Patients with difficulty in venipuncture (children, the elderly, obese individuals).
Patients with arteriosclerosis or hidden veins caused by long-term intravenous infusion or chemotherapy.

Assist nurses or doctors in increasing the success rate of puncture.

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